En ce jour funeste commença le siège de la ville sainte de Jérusalem par l’armée babylonienne, sous les ordres du cruel Nabuchodonosor en 3336 (425 ans avant le début de l’ère commune).
A cause de sa gravité – puisqu’il marque le début de la destruction et de l’exil – il ne peut être repoussé à une date ultérieure (comme les jeûnes du 17 Tamouz et du 9 Av) ou avancé à une date précédente (comme le jeûne d’Esther). C’est le seul jeûne qui peut tomber un vendredi – donc veille de Chabbat. Du fait de sa gravité, il aura d’ailleurs une place de choix quand les jours de jeûne seront transformés en jours de joie (avec la venue de Machia’h).
Le but du jeûne est que même le corps physique ressente « la diminution de la graisse et du sang ». On ne mange pas et on ne boit pas. On ne se rince pas la bouche. Mais on peut se laver sans restriction.
Les enfants qui n’ont pas encore atteint l’âge de la Bar ou Bat Mitsva (les filles dès 12 ans et les garçons dès 13 ans) ne jeûnent pas. Les personnes fragiles, les femmes enceintes ou qui viennent d’accoucher ou qui allaitent ne jeûnent pas.
Le jeûne commence à l’aube, vendredi 25 décembre 2020 6h41 à Perpignan et se termine à la tombée de la nuit 17h53.
Dans la prière du matin, on récite les Seli’hot spéciales de ce jour après le Ta’hanoun ainsi que « le grand Avinou Malkénou ». Puis on lit dans la Torah le passage « Vaye’hal » (Chemot – Exode 32 : 11 jusqu’à 34 : 1). Seul celui qui a jeûné peut être appelé à la Torah.
Durant la prière de Min’ha (l’après-midi), on lit dans le rouleau de la Torah le chapitre Vaye’hal. Dans la Amida, on ajoute le passage Anénou (« Réponds-nous, Éternel au jour de notre jeûne car nous sommes dans une grande peine… »).
Comme tous les jours de jeûne, on procédera à un examen de conscience approfondi et on évitera de se mettre en colère. On augmentera les dons à la Tsedaka (charité). Rabbi Chnéour Zalman explique qu’un jour de jeûne est aussi un jour de bienveillance divine. Comme ce jeûne du 10 Tévet est particulièrement important, on comprend que la Techouva (retour à D.ieu) procurée par ce jeûne est aussi d’un niveau plus élevé.
Dans de nombreuses communautés, ce jeûne est associé au souvenir des martyrs de la Shoah.
(d’après Rav Yossef Ginsburgh)
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