Comment [accomplir] la Mitsva de résider dans la Souccah ? On doit manger, boire et habiter dans la Souccah, jour et nuit, comme l’on vit dans sa maison les autres jours de l’année : pendant sept jours, on doit faire de sa maison sa résidence temporaire et de sa Souccah sa résidence permanente. (Choul’han Arou’h, Ora’h ‘Haïm 639 :1)
D.ieu dit : « J’ai une Mitsva facile, et Souccah est son nom » (Talmud, Avoda Zara 3a)
« Dans des Souccot, vous devez résider sept jours », ordonne la Torah, « …pour que vos générations sachent que J’ai fait résider les Enfants d’Israël dans des Souccot quand Je les ai sortis de la terre d’Egypte. »
Nos Sages, relevant l’emploi que fait la Torah du verbe « résider », dans les versets cités plus haut, définissent la Mitsva de la Souccah comme un commandement qui implique que, tout au long de la durée de la fête de Souccot (du 15 au 21 Tichri), la Souccah devienne notre résidence principale. Tout ce que l’on fait d’habitude à la maison doit être accompli dans la Souccah.
Ainsi, à chaque automne, alors que les conditions atmosphériques deviennent moins clémentes, nous nous installons à l’extérieur. Pendant toute une semaine, nous échangeons notre maison habituelle pour une autre qui nous laisse à la merci des éléments, démontrant ainsi notre confiance en la Providence et la Protection divines, tout comme le firent nos ancêtres lorsqu’ « ils Me suivirent dans le désert, dans une terre inculte. »
Résider sept jours dans la Souccah est une belle expérience, source d’inspiration. Cependant, on peut difficilement la décrire comme « facile ». Et pourtant, c’est cet adjectif qu’utilise le Talmud pour qualifier cette Mitsva !
Le lien par la Mitsva
« Mitsva », terme qu’utilise la Torah pour indiquer les préceptes divins qui guident et gouvernent chaque aspect de notre vie, depuis le moment de notre naissance jusqu’à notre dernier souffle, possède deux significations : ce mot signifie à la fois « commandement » et « lien ».
En nous enjoignant les Mitsvot, D.ieu créa le moyen par lequel nous pouvons établir une connexion avec Lui. La main qui distribue la charité, l’esprit qui réfléchit sur la sagesse de la Torah, le cœur qui s’épanche dans la prière, la gorge qui avale la Matsa consommée à Pessa’h, tous deviennent les instruments de la Volonté divine. Chaque membre, chaque organe, chaque faculté de l’homme possède des Mitsvot qui lui sont propres de sorte qu’aucune partie de notre être ne reste sans implication dans notre relation avec le Créateur.
C’est là que réside la particularité de la Mitsva de la Souccah. Alors que chacune des autres Mitsvot concerne un aspect précis de notre être, la Mitsva de la Souccah donne le moyen qui permet à la totalité de la personne de s’engager dans l’accomplissement de la Volonté divine. L’être humain tout entier entre et vit dans la Souccah : « la Souccah est la seule Mitsva dans laquelle l’homme s’engage avec ses bottes pleines de boue » s’exclame l’adage ‘hassidique… Pendant les sept jours de Souccot, la Souccah est notre foyer, l’environnement de chacune de nos entreprises, de chacune de nos activités.
L’homme et son terrain
L’aspect unique de la Souccah, en tant que moyen de connexion avec D.ieu qui englobe l’être tout entier, peut être mieux compris à la lumière de la signification de ce qu’est un « foyer » pour l’être humain.
Nos Sages soulignent combien est profondément enraciné en l’homme le désir d’un foyer. C’est bien plus que le simple besoin d’un toit pour s’abriter et être en sécurité. En effet, satisfaire seulement ces besoins, ceux d’un toit et d’un abri sans un lopin de terre (ou une maison) vraiment à soi, ne comble pas l’aspiration à avoir son foyer. Le Talmud va même jusqu’à déclarer : « celui qui ne possède pas de foyer n’est pas un homme ». Le besoin d’une maison est intrinsèque à l’âme et l’une des définitions de ce qu’est un homme.
C’est la raison pour laquelle l’identification d’un homme avec sa maison ne se confine pas aux heures qu’il passe à l’intérieur de ses murs. Quand il travaille, qu’il rend visite à des amis ou qu’il se promène dans un jardin, c’est en tant qu’habitant de sa demeure propre qu’il travaille, rend des visites ou se promène. Puisque son humanité même est incomplète sans ce lieu qui est le sien, ce dernier fait partie de tout ce qu’il fait.
Pendant les sept jours, où nous faisons de la Souccah notre demeure, elle forme une partie intégrante de notre identité. Tout ce que nous accomplissons, y compris ce que nous faisons à l’extérieur de la Souccah, est inclus dans ce « lien » avec D.ieu, noué grâce à cette Mitsva.
Facile comme la vie
Nous pouvons désormais comprendre pourquoi la Mitsva de la Souccah est la Mitsva « facile » de D.ieu.
Dans son approche de l’accomplissement des commandements de D.ieu, l’homme peut adopter l’une des deux attitudes suivantes :
Il s’y engage par devoir. Il entrevoit alors le but de sa vie comme la réalisation de ses propres ambitions personnelles. Et en même temps, il reconnaît que D.ieu est le Maître de l’univers, Celui Qui l’a créé, lui a donné la vie et Qui continue à le soutenir à chaque moment de son existence. Ainsi se sent-il obligé, par devoir, d’obéir aux commandements de D.ieu.
Ou bien alors, l’individu considère son engagement dans l’accomplissement des Mitsvot comme le but de son existence. Il comprend que « Je n’ai été créé que pour servir Mon Créateur ». Il reconnaît comme vérité que c’est là son véritable « moi » et l’accomplissement et la réalisation ultimes de ce qu’il est.
Si nous observons la première approche, celle qui considère l’observance d’une Mitsva comme celle d’un devoir, nous considérerons certaines Mitsvot « faciles » et d’autres « difficiles ». Il se peut que nous les accomplissions toutes, peut-être même avec bonne volonté et même avec joie, mais nous en trouvons certaines agréables et pleines d’inspiration et d’autres plus difficiles voire lassantes. Les dépenses de temps, d’efforts et d’argent que nécessite une Mitsva peuvent également affecter le degré de difficulté que nous ressentons dans son accomplissement.
Mais lorsque nous considérons l’accomplissement de la Volonté de D.ieu comme le terreau même de notre vie, le concept de « Mitsva difficile » n’existe pas. Toutes les Mitsvot sont « faciles » car elles ne nous sont pas imposées dans notre vie, elles sont notre vie. En fait, il n’y a pas de clivage entre les domaines de notre vie appartenant aux Mitsvot et ceux sans Misvot. Quand nous vivons pour implanter dans la création le but divin, notre vie toute entière devient une quête unique pour nous lier à notre Créateur et servir Sa volonté.
Si l’observance de toutes les Mitsvot peut se faire de l’une ou l’autre manière, il en est une dont les modalités d’observance ne demandent rien moins que la seconde approche. La Mitsva de la Souccah ne nous dit pas de faire quelque chose, elle nous dit d’être quelqu’un : celui qui réside dans la Souccah. La façon d’observer ce commandement est de faire de la Souccah notre foyer, notre environnement, nos racines, notre identité même, pendant sept jours, chaque année de notre vie.
Et quand nous appliquons le modèle de la Mitsva de la Souccah à tous les commandements de D.ieu, ils prennent alors tous la qualité de la Souccah qui englobe tout. Ils deviennent alors aussi « faciles » que la vie.
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