Yaacov quitte sa ville natale de BeerChéva et se dirige vers ‘Haran. En route, il rencontre « l’endroit », y dort et rêve d’une échelle qui relie le ciel à la terre, des anges y montant et y descendant. D.ieu lui apparaît et lui promet que la terre sur laquelle il est couché sera donnée à ses descendants. Au matin, Yaacov dresse la pierre, sur laquelle il a reposé sa tête, en un autel et un monument, promettant qu’elle deviendra la Maison de D.ieu.
A ‘Haran, Yaacov reste chez son oncle Lavan où il travaille comme berger. Lavan accepte de lui donner en mariage sa fille Ra’hel, en échange de sept années de travail. Mais le soir du mariage, Lavan substitue à Ra’hel sa sœur aînée, Léa. Yaacov ne découvre le subterfuge qu’au matin. Il épouse ensuite Ra’hel après avoir accepté de travailler, pour Lavan, sept années supplémentaires.
Léa donne naissance à six fils, Réouven, Chimon, Lévi, Yehouda, Yissa’har et Zevouloun ainsi qu’à une fille, Dina. Ra’hel, quant à elle, reste stérile. Elle donne alors à Yaacov comme épouse sa servante, Bilah, pour qu’elle ait des enfants à sa place. Deux fils lui naissent : Dan et Naphtali. Léa agit de même avec sa servante, Zilpa, qui donne naissance à Gad et Achèr. Finalement, les prières de Ra’hel sont exaucées et elle met au monde Yossef.
Cela fait désormais quatorze ans que Yaacov est à ‘Haran et il désire retourner chez lui. Mais Lavan le persuade de rester, lui offrant des moutons en échange de son travail. Yaacov prospère, malgré les efforts incessants de Lavan pour l’escroquer. Après six ans encore, Yaacov quitte subrepticement ‘Haran avec sa famille et les richesses pour lesquelles il a travaillé. Lavan le poursuit mais D.ieu l’avertit, dans un rêve, de ne pas lui faire de mal. Lavan et Yaacov font un pacte sur le Mont Gal-El, scellé par un pilier de pierres et Yaacov se dirige vers la Terre Sainte où l’accueillent des anges.
Le mouton
« Ra’hel arriva avec les moutons… car elle était une bergère. » (Beréchit 29 :9)
« Je passerai devant tous tes troupeaux aujourd’hui ; j’enlèverai tous les agneaux pointillés ou mouchetés et tous les agneaux bruns parmi les brebis et les chevreaux mouchetés et pointillés parmi les chèvres ; et ce sera mon salaire. » (Beréchit 30 :32)
La Paracha Vayétsé abonde véritablement de moutons : les moutons de Lavan et les moutons de Yaacov ; des moutons blancs, des moutons noirs, des moutons pointillés, des moutons tachetés, des moutons aux chevilles encerclées.
Yaacov arrive à ‘Haran et la première vision qui l’accueille est celle de plusieurs troupeaux rassemblés autour d’un puits scellé. Puis arrive sa future épouse, Ra’hel (dont le nom signifie « brebis » en hébreu), bergère des moutons de son père. Bientôt Yaacov lui-même devient berger, prenant soin du troupeau, recevant son salaire sous forme de moutons, nourrissant les moutons et finalement conduisant ses troupeaux vers la Terre Sainte. Il y rencontrera son frère et lui offrira un immense cadeau constitué, en grande partie, de… moutons.
Entre les épisodes des troupeaux, nous découvrons également le mariage de Yaacov avec Léa puis Ra’hel et la naissance de onze de ses douze fils qui deviendront les fondateurs des douze tribus d’Israël.
Quelle leçon devons-nous tirer du fait que la nation d’Israël fut fondée dans un tel environnement de moutons ?
De multiples métaphores
« Je suis à mon bien-aimé et mon bien-aimé est à moi, celui qui (me) garde parmi les roses » (Cantique des Cantiques 2 :16).
La voix qui s’exprime dans ce verset, nous explique le Midrach, est celle de la communauté d’Israël qui évoque sa relation avec D.ieu.
« Il est mon berger », comme il est écrit (Psaumes 80 :2) : « Berger d’Israël, prête l’oreille ».
« Et je suis Son berger », comme il est écrit(Yé’hézkiahou 34 :31) : « Et toi, Mon troupeau de moutons, le troupeau de Mon pâturage ».(Midrach Rabba).
Le même passage décrit également notre relation avec D.ieu comme celle d’un enfant avec son père, celle d’une sœur avec son frère, celle d’une mariée avec le marié, celle d’un vigneron avec son gardien, entre autres. Chacune de ces métaphores exprime un aspect différent de notre relation, aux multiples facettes, avec D.ieu, aspect qui ne peut être capturé dans une métaphore unique : le lien intrinsèque entre D.ieu et Israël, l’amour et l’affection, la manière dont D.ieu nous garde, le fait que nous soyons pour Lui une source de joie, etc.
Que représente donc la métaphore mouton/berger ? Si le but est de souligner que D.ieu subvient à nos besoins et nous protège, ou bien que nous sommes dévoués et soumis à Lui, ces caractéristiques sont présentes dans la relation parent/enfant. Quel aspect unique de notre relation ne peut-il être exprimé que par cette relation qui nous décrit comme Son troupeau ?
Notre ressource essentielle
Le trait dominant du mouton est sa docilité et son obéissance. L’enfant obéit à ses parents mais il le fait parce qu’il apprécie leur grandeur. Le mouton n’obéit pour aucune raison : il est simplement obéissant, par nature.
Et c’est précisément cet élément dans notre relation avec D.ieu que représente le mouton : une soumission inconditionnelle qui n’est pas issue de notre compréhension de la grandeur de D.ieu ni des sentiments que nous ressentons à Son endroit (elle serait alors définie par les limites de notre compréhension et de nos sentiments) mais de la reconnaissance que « Je suis Son mouton ».
La nation juive fut fondée dans un environnement de moutons parce que notre obéissance aveugle à D.ieu est le fondement de notre Judaïcité.
Bien sûr nous ne sommes pas seulement les moutons de D.ieu. Nous sommes également Ses enfants, Son épouse, Sa sœur, Son vigneron.
C’est dans la même idée que la Torah relate que lorsque Yaacov quitta ‘Haran, après avoir été berger pendant vingt ans, sa fortune ne se constituait pas seulement de moutons : « Il possédait beaucoup de moutons, de serviteurs et de servantes, de chameaux et d’ânes ». Pourtant la Torah indique que Lavan lui paya son salaire en moutons et que ses troupeaux se multipliaient incroyablement. D’où venaient donc ses autres possessions ? Rachi explique qu’ « il vendait ses moutons au prix fort et avait acheté tout cela ».
Dans le domaine spirituel, la « fortune » de Yaacov n’était pas non plus exclusivement faite de docilité et d’abnégation mais incluait également des sentiments et de la compréhension, de la force et du courage. Mais ses « moutons » en était la source et le fondement.
(En fait, dans le message qu’adresse Yaacov à Essav, où il évoque la richesse qu’il a acquise à ‘Haran, il déclare : « J’ai acquis un bœuf, un âne, un mouton, un serviteur et une servante » (Beréchit 32 :6). Contrairement au verset précédent où « le mouton » était en tête de liste, ce terme est ici précédé de « bœuf » et d’« âne ». A ce point, Yaacov n’était pas sûr des intentions d’Essav à son égard (et de fait, Essav marchait vers lui avec quatre cents hommes) ; il souhaitait donc faire savoir à Essav que bien qu’il fût docile et obéissant dans sa relation avec D.ieu, il ne manquait pas de force ni de courage pour s’opposer à ceux qui voulaient le détruire.
Être Juif signifie étudier la sagesse Divine (qui nous est révélée dans Sa Torah), développer un amour ardent et une crainte respectueuse pour D.ieu et implanter la volonté de D.ieu dans un monde bien souvent hostile. Tout cela requiert que nous exercions des efforts majeurs dans nos forces mentales, émotionnelles et une grande force de conviction. Mais le fondement de tout cela, la base dont ces qualités dérivent toutes et sur laquelle elles s’appuient toutes est notre simple engagement à D.ieu, un engagement qui transcende la raison et les émotions.
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