D.ieu donne l’instruction à Noa’h, seul Juste dans un monde consumé par la violence et la corruption, de construire une grande Téva (« arche ») de bois, enduite de poix, à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur. D.ieu annonce qu’un grand déluge va effacer de la face de la terre toute forme de vie. Mais l’arche flottera sur l’eau, protégeant Noa’h, sa famille et deux membres (mâle et femelle) de toutes les espèces animales ainsi que les sept couples d’animaux purs (cacher).
La pluie s’abat pendant quarante jours et quarante nuits. Puis les eaux s’agitent encore cent cinquante jours, avant de se calmer et de commencer à diminuer. L’arche se pose sur le Mont Ararat et de sa fenêtre, No’ah envoie un corbeau puis une série de colombes « pour voir si les eaux ont baissé sur la surface de la terre ». Quand le sol est complètement sec, exactement une année solaire (365 jours) après le début du Déluge, D.ieu ordonne à Noa’h de sortir de la Téva et de repeupler la terre.
Noa’h construit un autel et offre des sacrifices à D.ieu. D.ieu jure de ne plus jamais détruire l’humanité entière à cause de ses actes et établit l’arc en ciel comme témoignage de Sa nouvelle alliance avec les hommes. D.ieu donne également à Noa’h des ordres soulignant la valeur sacrée de la vie : le meurtre est jugé comme une infraction capitale et si l’homme a le droit de consommer de la viande, il lui est interdit de manger de la chair ou du sang provenant d’un animal vivant.
Noa’h plante un vignoble et s’enivre après en avoir consommé son produit. Deux de ses fils, Chem et Yaphet, sont bénis pour avoir couvert sa nudité, alors que son troisième fils, ‘Ham, est puni pour avoir profité de son avilissement.
Les descendants de Noa’h restent un peuple uni, avec un langage et une culture identiques, pendant dix générations. Puis ils en viennent à défier leur Créateur en construisant une haute tour pour symboliser leur propre invincibilité : la Tour de Babel. D.ieu mêle alors leurs langages de sorte que « personne ne comprend la langue de l’autre ». Cela résulte en l’abandon de leur projet et en leur dispersion sur toute la terre, en soixante-dix nations.
La Paracha se conclut avec la chronologie des dix générations entre Noa’h et Avraham et le voyage de ce dernier depuis son lieu de naissance, Our Kasdim jusqu’à ‘Haran, dans son cheminement vers la terre de Canaan.
La fenêtre
Les eaux décrurent sans cesse jusqu’au dixième mois ; le premier jour du dixième mois, les sommets des montagnes furent visibles.
Au bout de quarante jours, Noa’h ouvrit la fenêtre de l’arche qu’il avait faite. Il envoya le corbeau et il fit des aller-retours… Il envoya la colombe pour observer si les eaux avaient baissé sur la face de la terre. Mais la colombe ne trouva pas où se poser… Il attendit encore sept jours et renvoya de nouveau la colombe de l’arche. La colombe revint vers lui le soir et voici qu’elle tenait dans son bec une feuille d’olivier fraîche ; et Noa’h sut que les eaux avaient baissé sur terre. (Beréchit 8 : 6-11)
Cela s’est déjà produit : un monde noyé dans la violence et attendant la Rédemption. Un geste divin était espéré car l’homme avait fait, quant à lui, tout ce qui lui était possible ; le reste était entre les mains de D.ieu.
L’homme attendait dans une arche scellée mais cette arche avait une fenêtre. Et par la fenêtre fut envoyée une colombe pour cerner les cieux, pour remuer le monde céleste dans une quête fébrile. Pendant les quatre millénaires qui allaient suivre, elle déploierait ses ailes et la branche d’olivier accrochée à son bec symboliserait la quête de l’humanité pour l’harmonie et la paix.
Un corbeau et trois colombes
Les versets cités ci-dessus décrivent une séquence d’événements qui se produisirent au dixième mois d’une année d’un Déluge qui avait couvert la terre, à l’époque de Noa’h.
Comme le relatent les septième et huitième chapitres de Beréchit, la pluie tomba quarante jours et quarante nuits, après quoi le flot des eaux continua à s’agiter et à gonfler pendant encore cinq mois. Enfin les eaux se calmèrent et commencèrent à diminuer. Le niveau d’eau baissant, l’arche se posa sur le mont Ararat. Bientôt, le sommet de la montagne commença à jaillir au-dessus de la surface de l’eau. Quelques semaines plus tard, Noa’h ouvrit la fenêtre de l’arche qui avait été scellée et envoya un corbeau. Après une semaine, ce fut au tour d’une colombe qui revint et qu’il renvoya une semaine plus tard. Le but de ces trois missions était d’ « observer si les eaux avaient baissé sur la face de la terre ».
Pourquoi Noa’h expédia-t-il ces émissaires ailés ? Nous pouvons comprendre son empressement à reconstruire, à remplacer le chaos laissé par le Déluge par un nouveau monde harmonieux ?
En revanche, il semblerait que les informations recueillies au cours de ces envols fussent de peu d’utilité pour Noa’h. Et de fait, une lecture attentive du récit de la Torah montre que même après qu’il eut été convaincu que le Déluge avait pris fin, Noa’h ne pouvait décider par lui-même que la terre était prête à une renaissance. Il était entré dans l’arche obéissant à un commandement explicite de D.ieu et tant qu’il ne recevrait pas d’instructions contraires, l’injonction divine : « Entre dans l’arche » restait en vigueur. Ce n’est qu’après l’ordre : « Sors de l’arche », qui survint en fait deux mois après le retour de la colombe avec une feuille d’olivier dans le bec, qu’il put sortir de l’arche et commencer à établir et développer un monde nouveau.
La question revient donc avec force : pourquoi envoya-t-il le corbeau et les colombes ?
Une utopie flottante
Nos Sages enseignent que l’arche de Noa’h constituait le prototype du parfait monde futur de Machia’h. Chaque espèce animale, y compris celles qui, en temps normal sont des proies les unes pour les autres, coexistaient dans l’harmonie, entre les murs de l’arche, évoquant le temps où « le loup résidera avec l’agneau et le léopard s’allongera auprès de l’agneau… le lion mangera de la paille tout comme le bœuf… ils ne feront pas de mal ni ne détruiront… car le monde sera rempli de la connaissance de D.ieu… » (Yichayahou 11 :6-9).
L’injonction divine à Noa’h : « Sors de l’arche » pour « croître et te multiplier sur la terre » représente la force impartie par D.ieu pour commencer la tâche de réaliser cet idéal à une échelle universelle.
Dans notre vie, « l’arche de Noé » représente nos propres efforts pour créer des sanctuaires de sainteté au sein des flots de la matérialité. Là aussi, la mission de notre vie se divise en deux phases. Tout d’abord, nous recevons l’instruction : « Rentre dans l’arche ». Alors que le chaos d’un monde qui se noie dans une confusion morale et spirituelle fait rage autour de nous, nous devons créer un havre de tranquillité et de sainteté, protégé par les mots de la Torah et de la prière.
Mais nos « arches personnelles » ne sont pas une fin en soi. En dernier ressort, elles doivent servir de graines pour ensemencer un monde nouveau et embrasser toute la création. Notre mission est de créer un monde libéré de cupidité, de jalousie et de haine, un monde pénétré de la connaissance et de la bonté de son Créateur. L’objectif est de transposer la Divinité que nous avons cultivée dans nos « arches » privées dans le parfait monde divin de Machia’h.
Cette directive : « Entre dans l’arche » qui caractérise notre tâche durant les années « Déluge » de notre histoire, n’est qu’un prélude à « Sors de l’arche » de l’Ère Messianique où la sainteté et la perfection d’une existence basée sur la Torah toucheront toute la création.
Attendre n’est pas une action passive
Tout comme Noa’h, nous devons attendre. Il ne nous incombe pas de décider si l’Ère Messianique a commencé ou non. C’est le commandement divin qui nous a enjoint de pénétrer dans l’arche et c’est D.ieu qui enverra Machia’h pour annoncer l’aube nouvelle.
Cela pourrait nous conduire à l’erreur de penser qu’il faut attendre passivement la Rédemption. C’est ici qu’intervient la leçon que nous transmettent les messagers ailés de Noa’h.
Bien avant de recevoir le commandement de sortir de l’arche, Noa’h ouvrit une fenêtre sur le monde extérieur. Dès qu’il ressentit les signaux de l’accalmie du Déluge, il envoya des messagers pour « tester les eaux » et confirmer que le monde était prêt à un renouveau. Noa’h ne se contenta pas de développer le monde intérieur de son arche, laissant l’Histoire suivre son cours. Mais il fit tout ce qui était dans ses aptitudes pour assurer que le monde était préparé. Il hâta ainsi la Force divine à faire de son arche une réalité universelle.
Aujourd’hui, nous nous trouvons au même croisement des chemins que Noa’h, il y a plus de quarante et un siècles.
Partout dans notre environnement, nous détectons des signes que le monde commence à s’améliorer, à se perfectionner, transformant ses glaives nucléaires en socs de charrue pour venir en aide aux affamés et acceptant les principes de liberté, de justice et de compassion comme universels.
Dans cette accalmie des eaux du Déluge, nous ne pouvons, ni ne devons, nous enfermer dans le cocon de nos arches, ne nous préoccupant que d’améliorer notre vie personnelle et attendant que D.ieu envoie Machia’h. Il nous faut ouvrir en grand les fenêtres de nos arches et aller vers un monde qui se secoue du tumulte de son passé chaotique. Nos efforts constants pour établir que le monde est réellement prêt pour la Rédemption hâtera l’annonce céleste que l’Ère de la paix universelle est arrivée.
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